Bibcode
Gonçalves, D. R.; Ercolano, B.; Carnero, A.; Mampaso, A.; Corradi, R. L. M.
Bibliographical reference
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 365, Issue 3, pp. 1039-1049.
Advertised on:
1
2006
Citations
39
Refereed citations
31
Description
We have constructed a 3D photoionization model of a planetary nebula
(PN) similar in structure to NGC 7009 with its outer pair of knots (also
known as FLIERs - fast, low-ionization emission regions). The work is
motivated by the fact that the strong [NII]λ6583 line emission
from FLIERs in many PNe has been attributed to a significant local
overabundance of nitrogen. We explore the possibility that the apparent
enhanced nitrogen abundance previously reported in the FLIERs may be due
to ionization effects. The model is constrained by the results obtained
by Gonçalves et al. from the analysis of both Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) [OIII] and [NII] images, and long-slit spectra of NGC
7009. Our model is indeed able to reproduce the main spectroscopic and
imaging characteristics of the bright inner rim of NGC 7009 and its
outer pairs of knots, assuming homogeneous elemental abundances
throughout the nebula, for nitrogen as well as all the other elements
included in the model.
We also study the effects of a narrow slit on our non-spherically
symmetric density distribution, via the convolution of the model results
with the profile of the long slit used to obtain the spectroscopic
observations that constrained our model. This effect significantly
enhances the [NII]/Hβ emission, more in the FLIERs than in the
inner rim.
Because of the fact that the (N+/N)/(O+/O) ratio
predicted by our models is 0.60 for the rim and is 0.72 for the knots,
so clearly in disagreement with the N+/N = O+/O
assumption of the ionization correction factor (icf) method, the icfs
will be underestimated by the empirical scheme, in both components, rim
and knots, but more so in the knots. This effect is partly responsible
for the apparent inhomogeneous N abundance empirically derived. The
differences in the above ratio in these two components of the nebula may
be due to a number of effects including charge exchange - as pointed out
previously by other authors - and the difference in the ionization
potentials of the relevant species - which makes this ratio extremely
sensitive to the shape of the local radiation field. Because of the
latter, a realistic density distribution is essential to the modelling
of a non-spherical object, if useful information is to be extracted from
spatially resolved observations, as in the case of NGC 7009.