Bar-Driven Galaxy Evolution at Intermediate Redshifts
Non-axisymmetric features such as bars drive the dynamical and secular evolution of disk galaxies by exerting gravitational torques which redistribute mass and angular momentum. While most (> 70 %) spirals are barred in the local Universe, early studies of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) suggest a remarkably low bar fraction ( 20 %) at intermediate
Jogee, S. et al.
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2003