Context: JWST has recently detected numerous disc galaxies at high-redshifts and there have been observations of cold disc galaxies at z > 4 with ALMA. In the Milky Way, recent studies highlight the presence of metal-poor stars in cold disc orbits, suggesting an ancient disc. This prompts a fundamental question: When did the Milky Way disc form

Some ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) are known to host very large globular cluster (GC) systems, clearly exceeding the expectations for galaxies with such low stellar mass and density and thereby challenging our understanding of star cluster formation and its connection to galaxy evolution. As bright point-sources, GCs in UDGs have been used as

The European Solar Telescope (EST) aims to significantly improve our capabilities to observe the solar chromosphere and understanding the solar chromosphere represents one of the most challenging tasks in solar physics. EST incorporates the most innovative technology, with a simple and efficient design, and the most advanced instrumentation to

The European Solar Telescope (EST) will be the biggest solar telescope in Europe and it is currently concluding its preliminary design that includes adaptive optics from its first light. In this phase of the project, the feasibility of the project is demonstrated and the design must meet the requirements after having mitigated the major risks. The

The European Solar Telescope (EST) will be part of the next generation of ground-based solar telescopes. With a primary mirror of 4.2 meters, it will be the largest solar telescope ever built in Europe offering a large collecting area and extremely sharp images, due to the Adaptive Optics (AO) system integrated within the optical path to compensate

Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, such as EAGLE and IllustrisTNG, provide valuable insights when coupled with high-quality survey data, enhancing our comprehension of galaxy evolution. In this work, we adopt a variance analysis of subsets of continuum-subtracted Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra by Sharbaf+2023 and evaluate equivalent