The use of non-cryogenic certified commercial electronics for cryogenic applications may be attractive due to their cost and availability, but it also carries risks related to reliability, performance and thermal compatibility. The decision to use commercial components that are not certified for cryogenics instead of components specifically

Here we present an approach to the measurement of extragalactic distances using twin SNe Ia, taken from the early down to the nebular phase. The approach is purely empirical, although we can give a theoretical background on why the method is reliable. By studying those twins in galaxies where peculiar velocities are relatively unimportant, we can

The instruments at the focus of the Euclid space observatory offer superb, diffraction-limited imaging over an unprecedented (from space) wide field of view of 0.57 deg 2. This exquisite image quality has the potential to produce high-precision astrometry for point sources once the undersampling of Euclid's cameras is taken into account by means of